Endocrine System: Diseases:
High or very low hormone levels indicate a problem with the endocrine system. Hormone infections also occur when your body does not respond to hormones in the right way. Pressure, infection and changes in blood and electrolyte balance can also affect hormone levels, according to the National Institutes of Health.
The most common endocrine disease in the United States is diabetes, a condition in which the body does not properly process sugar, simple sugars. This is due to insulin deficiency or, if the body produces insulin, because the body is not functioning properly, according to Dr. Jennifer Loh, head of the endocrinology department of Kaiser Permanente in Hawaii.
Diabetes can be linked to obesity, diet and family history, according to Dr. Alyson Myers of the North Shore-LIJ Health System. "To diagnose diabetes, we do an oral test for sugar tolerance by fasting."
It is also important to understand the patient's health history and family history, Myers said. Infections and medications such as anemia can also cause adrenal insufficiency.
Diabetes is treated with pills or insulin injections. Treating other endocrine problems usually involves stabilizing hormone levels with medication or, if the tumor causes excessive hormone production, by removing the tumor. Treating endocrine disorders takes a precautionary and personal approach, Myers said, as adjusting the levels of one hormone can affect the balance of other hormones.
Hormone imbalances can have a profound effect on the reproductive system, especially in women, explains Loh.
Another disease, hypothyroidism, is a disorder in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones to meet the body's needs. Loh noted that insufficient thyroid hormone can cause many of the body's functions to be reduced or completely shut down. There is a simple cure, however. "Parathyroid disease is the cause of kidney stones treatment," said Dr. Melanie Goldfarb, an endocrine surgeon and director of the Endocrine Tumor Program at Providence Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California, and an assistant professor of surgery at the John Wayne Cancer Center in Santa Monica. The damaged part of the prostate is surgically removed.
Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid and begins when thyroid cells begin to change, grow out of control and eventually form a tumor, according to Loh. Tissues - both dangerous and cancerous - can also disrupt the functions of the endocrine system, explains Myers. Between 1975 and 2013, cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed more than three times a year, according to a 2017 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). "While overdose may be an important part of the epidemic, it clearly does not address the whole issue," said Dr. Julie Sosa, co-author of a new study and head of endocrine surgery at Duke University in North Carolina. The American Cancer Society predicts that there will be 53,990 new cases of thyroid cancer by 2018 and an estimated 2,060 deaths due to thyroid cancer.
Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood sugar drops below normal levels. This happens more often as a treatment for diabetes when too much insulin is taken. While Loh points out that this condition can occur in people who are not treated for diabetes, the phenomenon is far from normal.
What is an endocrinologist?
After completing four years of medical school, people who want to become endocrinologists then spend three or four years in the apprenticeship and residency program. These special programs cover internal medicine, pediatric, or obstetric and gynecological diseases, according to the American Board of Internal Medicine.
Endocrinologists-in-training then spend two or three more years learning how to self-diagnose and treat hormonal conditions. Overall, endocrinologist training will take more than 10 years after undergraduate degree. Certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine. Endocrinologists tend to focus on one or two areas of endocrinology, such as diabetes or infertility. Those specialists treat patients with birth defects and also diagnose and treat patients with menstrual and menstrual disorders, Loh said.
Highlights in the study of the endocrine system
200 BC: Chinese begin to separate sex and respiratory hormones from human urine and use them for therapeutic purposes
1025: In medieval Persia, author Avicenna (980-1037) provides a detailed account of diabetes in "The Canon of Medicine" (c. 1025), describing abnormal cravings, sexual dysfunction and a pleasant taste in urine .
1835: Irish physician Robert James Graves describes the case of goiter with exophthalmos. Thyroid Condition Graves' disease was later named after a doctor.
1902: William Bayliss and Ernest Starling conduct a study in which they find that acid in the duodenum (part of the small intestine) causes pancreas to secrete fluid, even if they have removed all the nerve connections between the two organs.
1889: Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski see that pancreatic surgery causes an increase in blood sugar, followed by coma and eventually death.
1921: Otto Loewi in 1921 acquires neurohormones by placing the heart of a frog in a salty bathtub.
1922: Leonard Thompson, 14, is the first diabetic to receive insulin. Drug maker Eli Lilly soon began mass production of insulin.
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