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Respiratory system:

The respiratory system (as well as the respiratory system, the respiratory system) is a system of living organisms with structures and structures used for the exchange of gas in animals and plants. The anatomy and physique that make this possible vary greatly, depending on the size of the body, the environment, and its evolutionary history. In terrestrial animals the respiratory tract is enclosed as a lung tissue. [1] The exchange of gas in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs called alveoli in mammals and reptiles, but atria in birds. These tiny air sacs are rich in blood, thus keeping the air in close contact with the blood. [2] These air sacs connect with the external environment through the airway system, or empty tubes, which are the largest trachea, which extends from the chest to the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs where they insert into the second bronchi and the upper extremities of the lower part of the body, which form many small tubes, bronchioles. In birds the bronchioles are called parabronchies. It is the bronchioles, or parabronchi that often open the small alveoli in mammals and atria of birds. Air must be expelled from the environment into the alveoli or atria through the respiratory system, including the respiratory system.

In many fish species, as well as in many other aquatic animals (both invertebrates and invertebrates) the respiratory system consists of gills, which may be incomplete or completely extruded, washed in a wet environment. This fluid flows over the gutters in a variety of functional or synthetic ways. Gas exchange occurs in holes containing very small or very flat fibers and lammelae that form a very large area of ​​vascular tissue in the water.

Some animals, such as insects, have respiratory systems with simple structural features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange. Plants also have respiratory systems but the direction of gas exchange may be the opposite in animals. The respiratory system in plants includes structural elements such as stomata, which are found in various parts of the plant. [3

1.Mammals:

In humans and other mammals, the anatomy of the normal respiratory system is the respiratory system. The tract is divided into upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper extremity includes the nose, nasal passages, nasal passages, larynx, and part of the larynx above the vocal cords. The lower extremity (Fig. 2.) covers the lower part of the throat, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

The branching airways of the leaflet below are often described as a respiratory tree or a tracheobronchial tree (Figure 2). [4] The intervals between successive branch points on the various branches of the "tree" are often referred to as the "generations" of the branch, of which there are, in about 23 adults. Previous generations (approximately 0-16 generations), consisting of the trachea and bronchi, as well as large bronchioles suddenly act as airways, bringing air to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli (approximately 17-23 generations) , where gas exchange took place. [5] [6] Bronchioles are defined as narrow airways without support from the cart. [4]

The first bronchi to the branch from the trachea are the right and left main bronchi. Only the second in the trachea (1.8 cm), these bronchi (1 -1.4 cm wide) [5] enter the lungs in each hilum, where they form in the second small bronchi known as the lobar bronchi, and these branches become the upper part of the bronchi known as the segmental bronchi. Additional segregation of the segmental bronchi (1 to 6 mm in diameter) [7] is known as order 4, 5, and 6th segmental bronchi, or grouped together as the lower bronchi. [8] [9]

In comparison, on average, of the 23 branches of the respiratory tract in an adult, the mouse has only 13 such branching.

The alveoli are the dead ends of the "tree", meaning that any air that enters them must escape through the same channel. A system like this creates a dead space, a volume of air (about 150 ml for an adult) that fills the airways after breathing and is blown back into the alveoli before natural air reaches them. [10] [11] At the end of the breath the airways are filled with natural air, which is released without contact with gas. [10]

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